Dual-phase hot extrusion of metals

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides a method of dual-phase hot metal extrusion comprising (i) providing a load carrier made of a first metal material, wherein the load carrier comprises one or more load chambers containing a second metal material, wherein the melting point of the second metal material is lower than the melting point of the first metal material, (ii) heating the load carrier to a temperature above the melting point of the second metal material and suitable for extrusion of the load carrier, and (iii) extruding the load carrier to form an extruded product. The present disclosure also provides apparatuses for accomplishing the dual-phase hot extrusion of metals and products resulting from such processes.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/828,605, filed Mar. 14, 2013 which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety to the full extent permitted by law.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to dual-phase hot extrusion of metals andmetal materials and the machines and apparatuses used for producing thesame.

BACKGROUND

Generally, extrusion is the process by which a block or billet of metalis reduced in cross section and shaped by forcing it to flow through adie under high pressure. Most metals are hot extruded due to the largeamount of forces required in extrusion. In a typical extrusion process,an extrusion billet is heated and placed in a container of a hydraulicextrusion press. A dummy block is placed between the ram of theextrusion press and the heated billet. The ram then applies pressure tothe heated billet and forces the billet through a shaped die to form anextrusion product.

The physical properties of a metal may be advantageously influenced bythe presence of one or more other metals. For example, the combinationof two or more metals (i.e., alloying) may provide improved or changedthermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, or tensile properties incomparison to either of the pure metals. Accordingly, it is desirable toformulate metal materials containing more than one metal. This may beaccomplished by casting, wherein each metal is melted to its molten formand then solidified together. This may also be accomplished byextrusion, wherein each metal is in its solid form. It has generallybeen considered, however, that hot extrusion in which a molten metal iscontained within a solid metal carrier cannot be achieved due to thehigh extrusion forces and tendency for the molten metal to blow out ofthe solid metal carrier.

SUMMARY

Surprisingly, the processes and apparatuses described herein permit thecontrolled hot extrusion of a solid metal carrier comprising a moltenmetal or metal alloy. The extrusion of dual-phase hot metals, asdescribed herein, is therefore a useful process by which new metalmaterials having modified thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity,or tensile properties may be formed. As used herein, the term“dual-phase” refers to the physical states of the extruded metals, notto their crystalline lattice structures. For example, in one embodimentof the present disclosure, a solid, metal comprising interior chamberscontaining molten metal may be extruded.

In one aspect, the disclosure describes a load carrier suitable fordual-phase hot metal extrusion made of a first metal material, whereinthe load carrier comprises a load end, a blind end, and at least oneload chamber having a depth extending axially from the load end towardsthe blind end, wherein the at least one load chamber comprises a loadmaterial and a void space, wherein the load material comprises a secondmetal material, the second metal material having a lower melting pointthan the melting point of the first metal material, and wherein the voidspace is configured to accommodate at least a portion of the secondmetal material in its molten form when the load carrier is heated.

In another aspect, the disclosure describes a load carrier suitable fordual-phase hot metal extrusion made of a metal material comprisingcopper, wherein the load carrier comprises a load end, a blind end, andat least one load chamber having a depth extending axially from the loadend towards the blind end, wherein the at least one load chambercomprises a fluted spacer and a load material, wherein the load materialcomprises aluminum, antimony, magnesium, tin, zinc, or any combinationthereof

In another aspect, the disclosure describes a method of dual-phase hotmetal extrusion comprising the steps of: (i) providing a load carriermade of a first metal material, wherein the load carrier comprises aload end, a blind end, and at least one load chamber having a depthextending axially from the load end towards the blind end, wherein theat least one load chamber comprises a load material and a void space,wherein the load material comprises a second metal material, the secondmetal material having a lower melting point than the melting point ofthe first metal material, and wherein the void space is configured toaccommodate at least a portion of the second metal material in itsmolten form when the load carrier is heated; (ii) heating the loadcarrier to a temperature above the melting point of the second metalmaterial but below the melting point of the first metal material to forma solid load carrier comprising a liquid metal in the at least one loadchamber; and (iii) extruding the heated load carrier to provide anextruded product.

In still another aspect, the disclosure describes a method of dual-phasehot metal extrusion comprising the steps of: (i) providing a loadcarrier made of a first metal material, wherein the load carriercomprises a load end, a blind end, and at least one load chamber havinga depth extending axially from the load end towards the blind end,wherein the at least one load chamber comprises a load material and avoid space, wherein the load material comprises a second metal material,the second metal material having a lower melting point than the meltingpoint of the first metal material, and wherein the void space isconfigured to accommodate at least a portion of the second metalmaterial in its molten form when the load carrier is heated; (ii)heating the load carrier to a temperature above the melting point of thesecond metal material but below the melting point of the first metalmaterial to form a solid load carrier comprising a liquid metal in theat least one load chamber; (iii) extruding the heated load carrier toprovide a first extruded product; (iv) providing a second load carriermade of the first metal material, wherein the load carrier comprises aload end, a blind end, and at least one load chamber having a depthextending axially from the load end towards the blind end, wherein theat least one load chamber comprises a second load material, wherein thesecond load material is the first extruded material; (v) heating thesecond load carrier to a temperature suitable for extrusion; and (vi)extruding the second load carrier to provide a second extruded product.

In a further aspect, the present disclosure describes an extrusionproduct made of a primary metal comprising about 20 filaments to about2,000 filaments of a second metal material disposed through at least aportion of the length of the extruded metal product. In another aspect,the present disclosure is directed to an extruded metal productcomprising about 1,000 filaments to about 10 million filaments of asecond metal material disposed through at least a portion of the lengthof the extruded metal product.

In yet a further aspect, the present disclosure describes an extrusiontool comprising a first extrusion die, a second extrusion die, and acooling cavity, wherein an extrusion transfer channel extends from thefirst extrusion die through the cooling cavity to the second extrusiondie, wherein the portion of the extrusion transfer channel extendingthrough the cooling cavity comprises at least one opening locatedbetween the first extrusion die and the second extrusion die, andwherein the cooling cavity comprises at least one cooling portconfigured to provide a cooling agent at the at least one opening of theextrusion transfer channel.

In another aspect, the present disclosure describes a method ofdual-phase hot metal extrusion comprising the steps of: (i) providing aload carrier made of a first metal material, wherein the load carriercomprises a load end, a blind end, and at least one load chamber havinga depth extending axially from the load end towards the blind end,wherein the at least one load chamber comprises a load material and avoid space, wherein the load material comprises a second metal material,the second metal material having a lower melting point than the meltingpoint of the first metal material, and wherein the void space isconfigured to accommodate at least a portion of the second metalmaterial in its molten form when the load carrier is heated; (ii)heating the load carrier to a temperature above the melting point of thesecond metal material but below the melting point of the first metalmaterial to form a solid load carrier comprising a liquid metal in theat least one load chamber; (iii) providing an extrusion tool comprisinga first extrusion die, a second extrusion die, and a cooling cavity,wherein an extrusion transfer channel extends from the first extrusiondie through the cooling cavity to the second extrusion die of theextrusion tool, wherein the portion of the extrusion transfer channelextending through the cooling cavity comprises at least one openinglocated between the first extrusion die and the second extrusion die,and wherein the cooling cavity comprises at least one cooling portconfigured to provide a cooling agent at the at least one opening of theextrusion transfer channel; (iv) providing a cooling agent through theat least one cooling port; and (v) extruding the heated load carrierthrough the extrusion tool to provide an extruded product.

In still another aspect, the present disclosure describes a method ofdual-phase hot metal extrusion comprising the steps of: (i) providing aload carrier made of a first metal material, wherein the load carriercomprises a load end, a blind end, and at least one load chamber havinga depth extending axially from the load end towards the blind end,wherein the at least one load chamber comprises a load material and avoid space, wherein the load material comprises a second metal material,the second metal material having a lower melting point than the meltingpoint of the first metal material, and wherein the void space isconfigured to accommodate at least a portion of the second metalmaterial in its molten form when the load carrier is heated; (ii)heating the load carrier to a temperature above the melting point of thesecond metal material but below the melting point of the first metalmaterial to form a solid load carrier comprising a liquid metal in theat least one load chamber; (iii) providing an extrusion tool comprisinga first extrusion die, a second extrusion die, and a cooling cavity,wherein an extrusion transfer channel extends from the first extrusiondie through the cooling cavity to the second extrusion die of theextrusion tool, wherein the portion of the extrusion transfer channelextending through the cooling cavity comprises at least one openinglocated between the first extrusion die and the second extrusion die,and wherein the cooling cavity comprises at least one cooling portconfigured to provide a cooling agent at the at least one opening of theextrusion transfer channel; (iv) providing a cooling agent through theat least one cooling port; (v) extruding the heated load carrier throughthe extrusion tool to provide an extruded product; (vi) providing asecond load carrier made of the first metal material, wherein the secondload carrier comprises a load end, a blind end, and at least one loadchamber having a depth extending axially from the load end towards theblind end, wherein the at least one load chamber comprises a second loadmaterial, wherein the second load material is the extruded productformed in step v); (vii) heating the second load carrier to atemperature suitable for melting the second metal material in theextruded product and suitable for extruding the second load carrier; and(viii) extruding the second load carrier to provide a second extrudedproduct.

In a further aspect, the present disclosure describes a method ofdual-phase hot metal extrusion comprising the steps of: (i) providing aload carrier made of a first metal material, wherein the load carriercomprises a load end, a blind end, and at least one load chamber havinga depth extending axially from the load end towards the blind end,wherein the at least one load chamber comprises a load material and avoid space, wherein the load material comprises a second metal material,the second metal material having a lower melting point than the meltingpoint of the first metal material, and wherein the void space isconfigured to accommodate at least a portion of the second metalmaterial in its molten form when the load carrier is heated; (ii)heating the load carrier to a temperature above the melting point of thesecond metal material but below the melting point of the first metalmaterial to form a solid load carrier comprising a liquid metal in theat least one load chamber; (iii) providing an extrusion tool comprisinga first extrusion die, a second extrusion die, and a cooling cavity,wherein an extrusion transfer channel extends from the first extrusiondie through the cooling cavity to the second extrusion die of theextrusion tool, wherein the portion of the extrusion transfer channelextending through the cooling cavity comprises at least one openinglocated between the first extrusion die and the second extrusion die,and wherein the cooling cavity comprises at least one cooling portconfigured to provide a cooling agent at the at least one opening of theextrusion transfer channel; (iv) providing a cooling agent through theat least one cooling port; and (v) continuously extruding the heatedload carrier, wherein the load carrier is extruded through the firstextrusion die, contacted with water, and extruded through the secondextrusion die inside the container of an extrusion press.

In another aspect, the present disclosure describes an extrudedcomposition comprising a primary metal or metal alloy and having alength, the extruded composition comprising filaments extending axiallyalong at least a portion of the length of the extruded composition,wherein the filaments comprise a secondary metal or metal alloy and across-section of the extruded composition perpendicular to the lengthcomprises at least 25 filaments.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure describes an extrudedcomposition comprising a primary metal or metal alloy and having alength, the extruded composition comprising filaments extending axiallyalong at least a portion of the length of the extruded composition,wherein the filaments comprise a secondary metal or metal alloy and across-section of the extruded composition perpendicular to the lengthcomprises at least 25 filaments, wherein at least one filament in thecross-section of the extruded composition has an average cross-sectionalsurface area of between about 1 nm² to about 10 cm².

In still another aspect, the present disclosure describes a copperextrusion product comprising filaments extending axially along at leasta portion of the length of the copper extrusion product, wherein thefilaments comprise aluminum, antimony, magnesium, tin, zinc, or anycombination thereof, and a cross-section of the copper extrusion productperpendicular to the length comprises at least 25 filaments.

Other embodiments, objects, features, and advantages will be set forthin the detailed description of the embodiments that follow and, in part,will be apparent from the description or may be learned by practice ofthe claimed invention. These objects and advantages will be realized andattained by the compositions and methods described and claimed herein.The foregoing Summary has been made with the understanding that it is tobe considered as a brief and general synopsis of some of the embodimentsdisclosed herein, is provided solely for the benefit and convenience ofthe reader, and is not intended to limit in any manner the scope, orrange of equivalents, to which the appended claims are lawfullyentitled.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cylindrical load carrier with a load chamber.

FIG. 2A is a top-view of the load end of a load carrier containing aconfiguration of twenty-five load chambers.

FIG. 2B is a top-view of the load end of a load carrier containing astaggered configuration of thirty-seven load chambers.

FIG. 3A is a side-view of a fluted spacer.

FIG. 3B is a top-view of a fluted spacer.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view along the primary axis of a loadcarrier comprising a load chamber loaded with a fluted spacer, a loadmaterial, a non-fluted spacer, and a plug.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view along the primary axis of a loadcarrier comprising five load chambers, each load chamber loaded with afluted spacer, a load material, a non-fluted spacer, and a plug.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view along the primary axis of a loadcarrier comprising a load chamber loaded with a load material disposedbetween two non-fluted spacers and a plug.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a cylindrical extrusion tool asdisclosed herein.

FIG. 8 is an end view of the back end of a cylindrical extrusion tool asdisclosed herein.

FIG. 9A is an end view of the second extrusion die of an extrusion toolas disclosed herein.

FIG. 9B is a side view of the second extrusion die of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 10A is a cross-sectional view of the cooling cavities of anextrusion tool as disclosed herein.

FIG. 10B is a cross-sectional view of the cooling cavities of anextrusion tool as disclosed herein, wherein an extrusion product isdisposed with the extrusion transfer channel.

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a backing manifold engaged in anextrusion press die holder.

FIG. 12 is an end view of the free end of a backing manifold engaged inan extrusion press die holder.

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an extrusion presscomprising a container, a dummy block, a load carrier as describedherein, an extrusion tool as described herein configured within thecontainer, and a backing manifold engaged in a die press holder andagainst the extrusion tool.

DESCRIPTION

While the present disclosure is capable of being embodied in variousforms, the description below of several embodiments is made with theunderstanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as anexemplification of the claimed subject matter, and is not intended tolimit the appended claims to the specific embodiments illustrated and/ordescribed. Accordingly, it should not be construed to limit the scope orbreadth of the present invention. The headings used throughout thisdisclosure are provided for convenience only and are not to be construedto limit the claims in any way. Embodiments illustrated under anyheading may be combined with embodiments illustrated under any otherheading.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method forextruding a load carrier 1 made of a first metal material and containinga second metal material having a lower melting point than the firstmetal material, wherein the load carrier 1 is heated to a temperature atwhich the second metal material comprises a liquid metal and the loadcarrier 1 is extrudable, and the heated load carrier 1 containing theliquid metal is extruded to produce an extruded material. In anotherembodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for extruding aload carrier 1 made of a first metal material and containing a secondmetal material, wherein the load carrier 1 is heated to a temperature atwhich the first and second metal materials form an alloy having amelting point lower than the first metal material and the load carrier 1is extrudable, and the heated load carrier 1 containing the alloy isextruded to produce an extruded material.

The load carrier 1 may be made of any desirable metal, including metalsand metal alloys, that is extrudable. In one embodiment, the loadcarrier 1 may be made of copper or a copper alloy. In anotherembodiment, the load carrier 1 may be made of aluminum or an aluminumalloy. In yet another embodiment, the load carrier 1 may be made ofbrass. In another embodiment, the load carrier 1 may be made of lead ora lead alloy. In still another embodiment, the load carrier 1 may bemade of tin or a tin alloy. In another embodiment, the load carrier 1may be made of magnesium or a magnesium alloy. In another embodiment,the load carrier 1 may be made of zinc or a zinc alloy. In anotherembodiment, the load carrier 1 may be made of steel. In anotherembodiment, the load carrier 1 may be made of titanium or a titaniumalloy. Other exemplary metals and metal alloys are known to those ofordinary skill in the art and would be understood to be within the scopeof the present disclosure.

In one embodiment, the second metal material may comprise any desirablemetal that is molten or that forms an alloy having a melting temperaturelower than the extrusion temperature. Suitable metals include but arenot limited to lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium,magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum,titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium,manganese, technetium, rhenium, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt,rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold,zinc, cadmium, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, silicon, germanium,tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, tellurium, cerium, praseodymium,neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium,dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thullium, ytterbium, lutetium, anycombinations thereof, and any alloys thereof.

The load carrier 1 may be extruded at any suitable temperature. In oneembodiment, the load carrier 1 may be extruded at a temperature rangingfrom about 30% to about 90% of the melting point of the load carrier 1.In another embodiment, the load carrier 1 may be extruded at atemperature ranging from about 40% to about 80% of the melting point ofthe load carrier 1. In yet another embodiment, the load carrier 1 may beextruded at a temperature ranging from about 50% to about 75% of themelting point of the load carrier 1. In other embodiments, the loadcarrier 1 may be extruded at a temperature ranging from about 30%, about31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%,about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%,about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%,about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%,about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%,or about 90% of the melting point of the load carrier 1.

The load carrier 1 may be extruded in an extrusion press at any suitablepressure. In one embodiment, the load carrier 1 may be extruded in anextrusion press having a pressure of about 20 MPa to about 900 MPa. Inanother embodiment, the load carrier 1 may be extruded in an extrusionpress having a pressure of about 35 MPa to about 800 MPa. In stillanother embodiment, the load carrier 1 may be extruded in an extrusionpress having a pressure of about 50 MPa to about 700 MPa. In otherembodiments, the load carrier 1 may be extruded in an extrusion presshaving a pressure of about 20 MPa, about 25 MPa, about 50 MPa, about 75MPa, about 100 MPa, about 125 MPa, about 150 MPa, about 175 MPa, about200 MPa, about 225 MPa, about 250 MPa, about 275 MPa, about 300 MPa,about 325 MPa, about 350 MPa, about 375 MPa, about 400 MPa, about 425MPa, about 450 MPa, about 475 MPa, about 5000 MPa, about 525 MPa, about550 MPa, about 575 MPa, about 600 MPa, about 625 MPa, about 650 MPa,about 675 MPa, about 700 MPa, about 725 MPa, about 750 MPa, about 775MPa, about 800 MPa, about 825 MPa, about 850 MPa, about 875 MPa, about900 MPa, or even higher.

The load carrier 1 may be extruded at any desirable ram speed. In oneembodiment, the load carrier 1 may be extruded at a ram speed of about0.0005 m/s to about 1 m/s. In another embodiment, the load carrier 1 maybe extruded at a ram speed of about 0.01 m/s to about 0.75 m/s. In afurther embodiment, the load carrier 1 may be extruded at a ram speed ofabout 0.1 m/s to about 0.50 m/s. In other embodiments, the load carrier1 may be extruded at a ram speed of about 0.0005 m/s, about 0.001 m/s,about 0.0015 m/s, about 0.002 m/s, about 0.0025 m/s, about 0.003 m/s,about 0.0035 m/s, about 0.004 m/s, about 0.0045 m/s, about 0.005 m/s,about 0.0055 m/s, about 0.006 m/s, about 0.0065 m/s, about 0.007 m/s,about 0.0075 m/s, about 0.008 m/s, about 0.0085 m/s, about 0.009 m/s,about 0.0095 m/s, about 0.010 m/s, about 0.015 m/s, about 0.02 m/s,about 0.025 m/s, about 0.03 m/s, about 0.035 m/s, about 0.04 m/s, about0.045 m/s, about 0.05 m/s, about 0.055 m/s, about 0.60 m/s, about 0.065m/s, about 0.07 m/s, about 0.075 m/s, about 0.08 m/s, about 0.085 m/s,about 0.09 m/s, about 0.095 m/s, about 0.1 m/s, about 0.15 m/s, about0.2 m/s, about 0.25 m/s, about 0.3 m/s, about 0.35 m/s, about 0.4 m/s,about 0.45 m/s, about 0.5 m/s, about 0.55 m/s, about 0.6 m/s, about 0.65m/s, about 0.7 m/s, about 0.75 m/s, about 0.8 m/s, about 0.85 m/s, about0.9 m/s, about 0.95 m/s, or about 1.0 m/s.

In another aspect, the present disclosure is further illustrated byreference to the pictorial embodiments of the aforementioned drawings.The drawings shall in no way be construed to be limiting. The presentdisclosure specifically contemplates other embodiments not illustratedbut intended to be within the scope of the appended claims.

FIG. 1 depicts a load carrier 1 having a load end 2 and a blind end 3with a load chamber 4 having a depth extending axially from the topsurface 18 of the load end 2 towards the blind end 3 of the loadcarrier. As used herein, the term “load carrier” refers to any metalliccontainer, including but not limited to castings and fabrications, thatholds the load material during the dual-phase hot extrusion process. Theload carrier 1 comprises an inlet 5 through the top surface 18 of theload end 2 that provides an opening into the load chamber 4. Althoughthe load carrier 1 is depicted as cylindrical, the load carrier 1 may beany desired shape suitable for extrusion. Similarly, the shape of theinlet 5 of the load chamber 4 may be any desirable shape.

The depth of a load chamber 4 may be any desired depth. In oneembodiment, the depth of a load chamber 4 may be from about 10% to about95% of the length of the load carrier 1. In another embodiment, thedepth of a load chamber 4 may be from about 15% to about 90% of thelength of the load carrier 1. In yet another embodiment, the depth of aload chamber 4 may be from about 20% to about 85% of the length of theload carrier 1. In still another embodiment, the depth of a load chamber4 may be from about 25% to about 80% of the length of the load carrier1. In a further embodiment, the depth of a load chamber 4 may be fromabout 30% to about 75% of the length of the load carrier 1. In yet afurther embodiment, the depth of a load chamber 4 may be from about 35%to about 70% of the length of the load carrier 1. In other embodiments,the depth of a load chamber 4 may be about 10%, 13%, 15%, 17%, 20%, 23%,25%, 27%, 30%, 33%, 35%, 37%, 40%, 43%, 45% 47%, 50%, 53%, 55%, 57%,60%, 63%, 65%, 67%, 70%, 73%, 75%, 77%, 80%, 83%, 85%, 87%, 90%, 93%, or95% of the length of the load carrier 1.

FIG. 2A is a top-view of the load end 2 of a cylindrical load carrier 1comprising a central load chamber 4 surrounded by a first ring of twelveload chambers 4 radially spaced at 30° apart and a second ring of twelveload chambers 4 also radially spaced at 30° apart. FIG. 2B is a top-viewof the load end 2 of a cylindrical load carrier 1 comprisingthirty-seven load chambers 4 arranged in a hexagonal configuration. Asis evident from FIGS. 2A and 2B, the size and pattern of the loadchambers may be any desired size and pattern.

The load carrier 1 may comprise from one load chamber to about 500 loadchambers. In another embodiment, the load carrier 1 may comprise fromone load chamber to about 400 load chambers. In yet another embodiment,the load carrier 1 may comprise from one load chamber to about 300 loadchambers. In a further embodiment, the load carrier 1 may comprise fromone load chamber to about 200 load chambers. In still anotherembodiment, the load carrier 1 may comprise from one load chambers toabout 100 load chambers. In one embodiment, the load carrier 1 maycomprise from about 5 load chambers to about 95 load chambers. Inanother embodiment, the load carrier 1 may comprise from about 10 loadchambers to about 90 load chambers. In another embodiment, the loadcarrier 1 may comprise from about 15 load chambers to about 85 loadchambers. In still another embodiment, the load carrier 1 may comprisefrom about 20 load chambers to about 80 load chambers. In a furtherembodiment, the load carrier 1 may comprise from about 25 load chambersto about 75 load chambers. In other embodiments, the load carrier 1 maycomprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 load chambers.

In embodiments wherein the load carrier 1 comprises multiple loadchambers 4, the depths of the multiple load chambers 4 may be the sameor different. In one embodiment, the multiple load chambers 4 may bedisposed at a single depth. In another embodiment, the multiple loadchambers 4 may be disposed at two different depths. In yet anotherembodiment, the multiple load chambers 4 may be disposed at threedifferent depths. In still another embodiment, the multiple loadchambers 4 may be disposed at four different depths. In a furtherembodiment, the multiple load chambers 4 may be disposed at fivedifferent depths. In other embodiments, the multiple load chambers 4 maybe disposed at 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56,57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74,75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92,93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 different depths.

The depth of any load chamber 4 may be any suitable depth. In oneembodiment, the depth of any load chamber 4 may be from about 10% toabout 90% of the length of the load carrier 1, wherein the length of theload carrier 1 is the distance between the top surface 2 and blind end 3of the load carrier 1. In a further embodiment, the depth of any loadchamber 4 may be from about 20% to about 80% of the length of the loadcarrier 1. In another embodiment, the depth of any load chamber 4 may befrom about 30% to about 70% of the length of the load carrier 1. Instill a further embodiment, the depth of any load chamber 4 may be fromabout 40% to about 60% of the length of the load carrier 1. In otherembodiments, the depth of any load chamber 4 may be about 10%, about11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%,about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%,about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%,about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%,about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%,about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%,about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about89%, or about 90% of the length of the load carrier 1.

FIG. 3A is a side-view of a spacer 6 having a bottom end 7 and a top end8. A flute 9 extends axially from the top end 8 towards the bottom end 7of the spacer 6. The flute 9 extends for a portion of the length of thespacer 6. FIG. 3B is a top-view of the top end 8 of the spacer 6 showingthree flutes 9 located on the outside perimeter of the spacer 6.Although the cylindrical spacer 6 depicted in FIG. 3B comprises threeflutes 9, any number of flutes may be used in accordance with thepresent disclosure. In one embodiment, the spacer 6 may contain oneflute. In another embodiment, the spacer 6 may contain two flutes. Inyet another embodiment, the spacer 6 may contain three flutes. In afurther embodiment, the spacer 6 may contain four flutes. In still otherembodiments, the spacer 6 may contain 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, or 18 flutes. In another embodiment, the spacer 6 may benon-fluted (i.e., comprising no flutes).

A spacer 6 may be made of any material or composition suitable for hotmetal extrusion. Generally, the spacer material should be the same or asimilar composition as and should be compatible with the load carriermaterial. In one embodiment, the load carrier 1 and spacers 6 are madeof a metal comprising copper. In another embodiment, the load carrier 1and spacers 6 are made of a metal comprising aluminum. In yet anotherembodiment, the load carrier 1 and spacers 6 are made of a metalcomprising brass. In a further embodiment, the load carrier 1 andspacers 6 are made of a metal comprising lead. In still a furtherembodiment, the load carrier 1 and spacers 6 are made of a metalcomprising tin. In one embodiment, the load carrier 1 and spacers 6 aremade of a metal comprising magnesium. In another embodiment, the loadcarrier 1 and spacers 6 are made of a metal comprising zinc. In stillanother embodiment, the load carrier 1 and spacers 6 are made of a metalcomprising steel. In a further embodiment, the load carrier 1 andspacers 6 are made of a metal comprising titanium.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a load chamber 4 along the length ofa load carrier 1 comprising a fluted spacer 10, a load material 11, anon-fluted spacer 12, and a plug 13. The bottom end 7 of the flutedspacer 10 is shaped to fit the load chamber such that no air or othergas pockets are formed between the fluted spacer 10 and the load chamber4 except for the void space 14 formed by the flute 9 and the wall of theload chamber 4.

The total volume of void space 14 provided by a fluted spacer 9 may besufficient to accommodate at least a portion of the increased volume ofthe load material 11 caused by thermal expansion when heated to theextrusion temperature (ΔV=V_(T(extrusion))−V_(Ti)). In one embodiment,ΔV of the load material may be from about 1% to about 100% of theinitial volume of the load material. In another embodiment, ΔV of theload material may be from about 5% to about 90% of the initial volume ofthe load material. In still another embodiment, ΔV of the load materialmay be from about 10% to about 80% of the initial volume of the loadmaterial. In yet another embodiment, ΔV of the load material may be fromabout 15% to about 70% of the initial volume of the load material. In afurther embodiment, ΔV of the load material may be from about 20% toabout 60% of the initial volume of the load material. In still otherembodiments, ΔV of the load material may be about 1%, about 2%, about3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%,about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%,about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%,about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%,about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%,about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%,about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%,about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% ofthe initial volume of the load material.

Although the void space 14 shown in FIG. 4 is provided by a flutedspacer, the void space may be provided by any other suitable means. Forexample, the load chamber 4 may be milled to contain a void space, whichis in contact with the load material upon heating or the void space maybe provided by a hollowed, non-fluted spacer.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a load carrier 1 comprising fiveload chambers 4. Each load chamber 4 comprises a fluted spacer 10, aload material 11, a non-fluted spacer 12, and a plug 13. Each loadchamber 4 extends from the top surface 2 towards the bottom surface 3 toa different depth and contains a void space 14 formed by the flute 9 ofthe fluted spacer 10 and the wall of the load chamber 4. The plug 13 canbe any suitable plug sufficient to secure the load material 11 withinthe load chamber 4 during the hot extrusion process. In one embodiment,the plug 13 may be a set screw. In another embodiment, the plug 13 maybe a pipe plug. In yet another embodiment, the plug 13 may by a taperedplug. In still another embodiment, the plug 13 may be a tapered plug. Instill another embodiment, the plug 13, may be a welded plug. In afurther embodiment, the plug 13 may be a swaged plug. In still a furtherembodiment, the plug 13 may be a brazed plug.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method ofdual-phase hot metal extrusion comprising (i) providing a first loadcarrier 1 made of a first metal material and containing in one or moreload chambers 4 a second metal material having a lower melting pointthan the first metal material, (ii) heating the first load carrier 1 toa temperature at which the second metal material comprises a liquidmetal and the first load carrier 1 is extrudable, (iii) extruding thefirst load carrier 1 containing the liquid metal to produce a firstextruded product, (iv) providing a second load carrier 15 made of thesame or a different metal material as the first load carrier comprisingone or more load chambers 4, (v) securing a portion of the firstextruded product in the one or more load chambers 4, (vi) heating thesecond load carrier to a temperature at which the second metal materialin the first extruded product comprises a liquid metal and the secondload carrier 15 is extrudable, and (vii) extruding the second loadcarrier 15 to form a second extruded product.

In one embodiment, both the first load carrier 1 and second load carrier15 are extruded through flow extrusion dies. This process provides anefficient method for incorporating numerous filaments of the secondmetal material through at least a portion of the length of the secondextruded product. In one embodiment, about 20 filaments to about 2,000filaments of the second metal material extend axially along at least aportion of the length of the second extruded product. In anotherembodiment, about 25 to about 1,500 filaments of the second metalmaterial extend axially along at least a portion of the length of thesecond extruded product. In a further embodiment, about 30 to about1,000 filaments of the second metal material extend axially along atleast a portion of the length of the second extruded product. As usedherein, “extend axially” means to extend in the same general directionas the length of the extruded product and does not mean to extendperfectly parallel to the length of the extruded product. Accordingly,the term “extend axially” permits local deviation in the axial directionof the filament so long as the filament generally extends along at leasta portion of the length of the extruded product. For example, a filamentor portion of a filament extending axially along the length of anextrusion product or a load chamber extending axially along the lengthof a load carrier may be oriented at an angle that is about 1°, about2°, about 3°, about 4°, about 5°, about 6°, about 7°, about 8°, about9°, about 10°, about 11°, about 12°, about 13°, about 14°, about 15°,about 16°, about 17°, about 18°, about 19°, about 20°, about 21°, about23°, about 24°, about 25°, about 26°, about 27°, about 28°, about 29°,about 30°, about 31°, about 32°, about 33°, about 34°, about 35°, about36°, about 37°, about 38°, about 39°, about 40°, about 41°, about 42°,about 43°, about 44°, or about 45° relative to the axis along the lengthof extrusion product or load carrier.

In one embodiment, the second extruded product may comprise at least 500filaments of the second metal material. In another embodiment, thesecond extruded product may comprise at least 1,000 filaments of thesecond metal material. In still another embodiment, the second extrudedproduct may comprise at least 1,500 filaments of the second metalmaterial. For example, a second extruded product containing 925filaments of a second metal material can be produced using a first loadcarrier 1 comprising twenty-five load chambers 4 and a second loadcarrier 15 comprising thirty-seven load chambers. Similarly, a secondextruded product containing 1,369 filaments of a second metal materialcan be produced using a first load carrier 1 comprising thirty-sevenload chambers 4 and second load carrier 15 comprising thirty-seven loadchambers.

In other embodiments, the second extruded product may comprise at least25, at least 50, at least 75, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200,at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 450, atleast 500, at least 550, at least 600, at least 650, at least 700, atleast 750, at least 800, at least 850, at least 900, at least 950, atleast 1000, at least 1050, at least 1100, at least 1150, at least 1200,at least 1250, at least 1300, at least 1350, at least 1400, at least1450, at least 1500, at least 1650, at least 1700, at least 1750, atleast 1800, at least 1850, at least 1900, at least 1950, at least 2000,at least 2050, at least 2100, at least 2150, at least 2200, at least2250, at least 2300, at least 2350, at least 2400, at least 2450, atleast 2500, at least 2650, at least 2700, at least 2750, at least 2800,at least 2850, at least 2900, at least 2950, or at least 3,000 filamentsof the second metal material.

In another embodiment, this process may be iterated any desired numberof times to produce an extruded product containing from about 1,000 toabout 10,000 million filaments of the second metal material. In oneembodiment, an extruded product may comprise from about 2,000 to about 1million filaments of the second metal material. In another embodiment,an extruded product may comprise from about 5,000 to about 500,000filaments of the second metal material. In yet a further embodiment, anextruded product may comprise from about 10,000 to about 250,000filaments. In other embodiments, an extruded product may comprise atleast 1,000, at least 2,500, at least 5,000, at least 7,500, at least10,000, at least 15,000, at least 25,000, at least 50,000, at least75,000, at least 150,000, at least 250,000, at least 500,000, at least750,000, at least 1 million, at least 1.25 million, at least 1.5million, at least 1.75 million, at least 2 million, at least 2.5million, at least 3 million, at least 3.5 million, at least 4 million,at least 4.5 million, at least 5 million, at least 5.5 million, at least6 million, at least 6.5 million, at least 7 million, at least 7.5million, at least 8 million, at least 9 million, or at least 10 millionfilaments of the second metal material.

In one embodiment, a cross-section of an extruded composition maycomprise filaments having an average surface area per filament fromabout 1 nm² to about 10 cm². In another embodiment, a cross-section ofan extruded composition may comprise filaments having an average surfacearea per filament from about 1 μm² to about 1 cm². In yet anotherembodiment, a cross-section of an extruded composition may comprisefilaments having an average surface area per filament from about 1 mm²to about 0.5 cm². In still another embodiment, a cross-section of anextruded composition may comprise filaments having an average surfacearea per filament of between about 1 nm² and 1 μm². In a furtherembodiment, a cross-section of an extruded composition may comprisefilaments having an average surface area per filament of between about 1μm² to about 1 mm². In still a further embodiment, a cross-section of anextruded composition may comprise filaments having an average surfacearea per filament of between about 1 mm² to about 1 cm². In anotherembodiment, a cross-section of an extruded composition may comprisefilaments having an average surface area per filament of between about 1cm² to about 10 cm². In still other embodiments, a cross-section of anextruded composition may comprise filaments having an average surfacearea per filament of at least 1 nm², at least 10 nm², at least 100 nm²,at least 1000 nm², at least 1 μm², at least 4 μm², at least 9 μm², atleast 16 μm², at least 25 μm², at least 36 μm², at least 49 μm², atleast 64 μm², at least 81 μm², at least 100 μm², at least 1000 μm², atleast 1 mm², at least 4 mm², at least 9 mm², at least 16 mm², at least25 mm², at least 36 mm², at least 49 mm², at least 64 mm², at least 81mm², at least 100 mm², at least 1000 mm², at least 0.001 cm², at least0.01 cm², at least 0.1 cm², at least 1 cm², at least 2 cm², at least 4cm², at least 9 cm², or at least 10 cm².

In a further embodiment, the first load carrier 1 is extruded through aflow extrusion die and the second load carrier 15 is extruded through ashear extrusion die. In this process, the load material is randomlydispersed in at least a portion of the second extrusion product. Inother embodiments, the second extrusion product containing randomlydispersed load material may be re-extruded through a shear extrusion dieany number of times to further randomly disperse the load materialthroughout the extrusion product.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method ofdual-phase hot metal extrusion comprising (i) providing a first loadcarrier 1 made of a first metal material and containing in one or moreload chambers 4 a second metal material having a lower melting pointthan the first metal material, (ii) heating the first load carrier 1 toa temperature at which the first and second metal materials form aliquid alloy and the first load carrier 1 is extrudable, (iii) extrudingthe first load carrier 1 containing the liquid alloy to produce a firstextruded product, (iv) providing a second load carrier 15 made of thesame or a different metal material as the first load carrier comprisingone or more load chambers 4, (v) securing a portion of the firstextruded product in the one or more load chambers 4, (vi) heating thesecond load carrier to a temperature at which the first and second metalmaterials in the first extruded product form a liquid alloy and thesecond load carrier 15 is extrudable, and (vii) extruding the secondload carrier 15 to form a second extruded product.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a load carrier 15 having a loadchamber 4 comprising a first non-fluted spacer 16, a load material 17wherein the load material 17 is a product previously extruded inaccordance with the disclosure herein, a second non-fluted spacer 12,and a plug 13.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides tooling useful fordual-phase hot metal extrusion processes. In general, an extrusion toolis provided comprising a first extrusion die, a second extrusion die,and a cooling cavity. This extrusion tool is further illustrated byreference to non-limiting FIG. 7.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view along the primary axis of a cylindricalextrusion tool 18 comprising a first extrusion die 19 at the front end20 of the extrusion tool 18 and a second extrusion die 21 at the backend 22 of the extrusion tool 18. The first extrusion die 19 is connectedto the second extrusion die 21 by an extrusion transfer channel 23extending the length of the extrusion tool 18 from the first extrusiondie 19 to the second extrusion die 21. Cooling cavities 24 extend fromthe back end 22 of the extrusion tool 18 towards the front end 20 for aportion of the length of the extrusion tool 18 and beyond the secondextrusion die 21. In this configuration, a portion of the extrusiontransfer channel 23 is adjacent to the cooling cavities 24. The portionof the extrusion transfer channel 23 adjacent to the cooling cavities 24comprises at least one opening 25 to each of the cooling cavities 24,thereby exposing the inside of the extrusion transfer channel 23 to thecooling cavities 24. The at least one opening 25 to each of the coolingcavities 24 may be any suitable shape such as, but not limited to, asquare, rectangle, circle, triangle, and the like.

The portion of the extrusion transfer channel 23 adjacent to the coolingcavities 24 may comprise any desired number of openings 25 to each ofthe cooling cavities 24. In one embodiment, the portion of the extrusiontransfer channel 23 adjacent to the cooling cavities 24 may comprise oneopening 25 to each of the cooling cavities 24. In another embodiment,the portion of the extrusion transfer channel 23 adjacent the coolingcavities 24 may comprise two openings 25 to each of the cooling cavities24. In yet another embodiment, the portion of the extrusion transferchannel 23 adjacent to the cooling cavities 24 may comprise threeopenings 25 to each of the cooling cavities 24. In still otherembodiments, the portion of the extrusion transfer channel 23 adjacentto the cooling cavities 24 may comprise at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 40, 41, 42, 43,44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 openings 25 to each of the coolingcavities 24.

Although FIG. 7 depicts an extrusion tool 18 comprising two coolingcavities 24, any suitable number of cooling cavities 24 may be used. Inone embodiment, the extrusion tool 18 may comprise one cooling cavity24. In another embodiment, the extrusion tool 18 may comprise twocooling cavities 24. In yet another embodiment, the extrusion tool 18may comprise three cooling cavities 24. In still another embodiment, theextrusion tool 18 may comprise four cooling cavities 24. In otherembodiments, the extrusion tool 18 may comprise at least 1, at least 2,at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8,at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least14, at least 15, or at least 16 cooling cavities 24.

The extrusion tool 18 further comprises cooling agent channels 26extending from the back end 22 of the extrusion tool 18 for a portion ofthe length of the extrusion tool 18. Any suitable number of coolingagent channels 26 may be used. For example, the extrusion tool 18 maycomprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 cooling agentchannels 26, depending on the number of cooling cavities 24 and the sizeof the extrusion tool 18.

The cooling agent channels 26 are attached to a cooling agent source. Inone embodiment, the cooling agent may be water. In another embodiment,the cooling agent may be an oil. In yet another embodiment, the coolingagent may be an inert gas such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, andthe like. In a further embodiment, the cooling agent may be a reactivegas chosen to form desirable compounds with the metal of the extrusionproduct. The cooling agent channels 26 open into the front end of thecooling cavities 24 through cooling ports 27, which are configured suchthat the cooling agent comes into contact with the one or more openings25 in the extrusion transfer channel 23. In this configuration, as thefirst extruded product is extruded through the first extrusion die 19and enters the portion of the extrusion transfer channel 23 adjacent tothe cooling cavities 24, the cooling agent running through the coolingchannels 26 and through the cooling ports 27 comes into contact with thefirst extruded product through the openings 25 in the extrusion transferchannel 23, thereby cooling the first extruded product. In oneembodiment, the first extruded product may be cooled to a temperaturebelow the melting point of the second metal material before beingextruded through the second extrusion die 21.

The cooling agent channels 26 are formed by drilling first channels 28along the primary axis of the extrusion tool 18 from the back end 22 ofthe extrusion tool 18 towards the front end 20 of the extrusion tool 18and bisecting second channels 29 perpendicular to the primary axis ofthe extrusion tool 18 from the outside perimeter 30 of the extrusiontool 18 into the cooling cavities 24. The end of the second channels 29along the outside perimeter of the extrusion tool 18 are sealed withplugs 31. In one embodiment, the plug 31 may be a set screw. In anotherembodiment, the plug 31 may be a pipe plug. In yet another embodiment,the plug 31 may by a tapered plug. In still another embodiment, the plug31, may be a welded plug. In a further embodiment, the plug 31 may be aswaged plug. In still a further embodiment, the plug 31 may be a brazedplug.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 7, the cooling cavities 24 areshaped to accommodate the volume expansion of the cooling agent (e.g.,water) when it comes into contact with the hot first extruded product.Each cooling cavity 24 further comprises an exit port 32, which permitsthe release of excess pressure build-up as the cooling agent is heatedby contact with the first extruded product.

FIG. 8 is an end-view of the back end 22 of the cylindrical extrusiontool 18. The back end 22 of the extrusion tool 18 comprises the secondextrusion die 21 and four exit ports 32 connected to four coolingcavities 24. The back end 22 further comprises four inlets 33 to thecooling agent channels 26, which are connected to the four coolingcavities 24. The second extrusion die 21 comprises an extrusion exit 34.

FIG. 9A is an end-view of the second extrusion die 21 comprising anextrusion exit 34 and a die extrusion channel 35. The second extrusiondie 21 may optionally comprise one or more jacking bolts 28 tofacilitate the removal of the second extrusion die 21 from the extrusiontool 18 for maintenance. FIG. 9B is a side view of the second extrusiondie 21 comprising a die extrusion channel 35 and an extrusion exit 34.

FIG. 10A is a cross-sectional view of the extrusion tool 18 depictingthe cooling cavities 24 of the extrusion tool 18. The extrusion tool 18comprises four cooling cavities 24 disposed radially from the centralextrusion transfer channel 23. The extrusion transfer channel 23comprises an opening 25 into each cooling cavity 24 such that the insideof the extrusion transfer channel 23 is exposed to each of the fourcooling cavities 24 through an opening 25. The extrusion tool 18 furthercomprises four cooling channels 26. FIG. 10B is the same cross-sectionview of the extrusion tool 18 containing an extruded product 36 disposedin the extrusion transfer channel 23. In this configuration, theextruded product 36 is exposed to the cooling agent in each of thecooling cavities 24 through openings 25 such that the extruded product36 can be cooled before being extruded through the second extrusion die21.

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a backing manifold 37 engaged in anextrusion press die holder 38. The backing manifold 37 and die pressholder 38 each comprise a container end 43, 44 and a free end 45, 46 anda cooling agent channel 39, 40 configured to connect to a cooling agentsource through the side of the die press holder 38 to the container end43 of the backing manifold 37. The backing manifold 37 comprisesmanifold exits 41, which permit the cooling agent to exit the extrusiontool 18. The backing manifold 37 further comprises an extrusion exit 42.In one embodiment, the backing manifold 37 is submerged under water. Inanother embodiment, the backing manifold 37 is submerged under an oil.The container end 43 of the backing manifold 37 comprises two outernotches 47 which form a cooling agent reservoir 48 when the backingmanifold 37 is engaged against the extrusion tool 18. The container end43 of the backing manifold 37 comprises two inner notches 49 which forma cooling agent exit channel 50 when the backing manifold 37 is engagedagainst the extrusion tool 18. The cooling agent exit channel 50 isconnected to the manifold exits 41.

FIG. 12 is an end-view of the free end of the backing manifold 37 andthe extrusion press die holder 38. The backing manifold 37 compriseseight manifold exits 41 radially spaced around the central extrusionexit 42. In accordance with the present disclosure, any number ofmanifold exits 41 may be used. For example, the backing manifold 37 maycomprise from about 4 to about 16 manifold exits 41. In anotherembodiment, the backing manifold 37 may comprise from about 6 to about14 manifold exits 41. In a further embodiment, the backing manifold 37may comprise from about 8 to about 12 manifold exits 41. In still otherembodiments, the backing manifold 37 may comprise about 1, about 2,about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10,about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17,about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24,about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31,about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38,about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45,about 46, about 47, or about 48 manifold exits 41. The cooling agentreservoir 48 formed by the two outer notches 47 and the cooling agentexit channel 50 formed by the two outer notches 49 are also shown withdashed lines.

In one embodiment, an extrusion press is provided wherein the extrusionpress comprises a ram, a container, a load carrier as described herein,a dummy block, an extrusion tool as described herein, a backingmanifold, and a die block holder. In one embodiment, the extrusion toolis configured to be positioned entirely within the container of theextrusion tool. In another embodiment, the extrusion tool is configuredto be positioned such that at least a portion of the extrusion tool ispositioned within the container of the extrusion tool. In a furtherembodiment, the extrusion tool is configured to be positioned entirelyoutside of the container of the extrusion press.

FIG. 13 is a cross-section view of an extrusion press container 51comprising a central extrusion chamber 52, a dummy block 53, a loadcarrier 1 as described herein, and an extrusion tool 18 as describedherein. The backing manifold 37 as described herein is engaged in theextrusion press die holder 38 and against the extrusion tool 18. In thisconfiguration, the two outer notches 47 in the container end 43 of thebacking manifold 37 forms the cooling agent reservoir 48, whichdistributes the cooling agent in a ring around the extrusion tool 18 andprovides cooling agent to the inlets 33 of the cooling agent channels26. The cooling agent reservoir 48 may be sealed in any suitable manner.In one embodiment, the cooling agent reservoir 48 may be sealed byo-rings. In another embodiment, the cooling agent reservoir 48 may besealed by gaskets. In a further embodiment, the cooling agent reservoir48 may be sealed by a metal-to-metal fitting. The two inner notches 49in the container end 43 of the backing manifold 37 forms the coolingagent exit channel 50, which distributes the cooling agent exhaust in aring around the extrusion tool 18 and provides a passthrough of thecooling agent exhaust to the manifold exits 41.

In another embodiment, a process for dual-phase hot metal extrusioncomprises the steps of: (i) providing a load carrier as describedherein; (ii) heating the load carrier to a temperature above the meltingpoint of the second metal material and suitable for extrusion of theload carrier; (iii) equipping the container of an extrusion press withan extrusion tool comprising a first die, a second die, and at least onecooling cavity, as described herein; (iv) providing a cooling agent tothe at least one cooling cavity; and (v) extruding the load carrierthrough the first extrusion die and then through the second extrusiondie.

The extrusion products contemplated herein may be used as thermal and/orelectrical conductors in any desirable product, process, or application.For example, the extrusion products contemplated herein may be used inconsumer products (such as electronics, appliances, and the like),industrial equipment (such as motors, generators, commutators, and thelike), and construction (such as window frames, supports, and the like).

The following examples are included to illustrate certain embodiments.Those of skill in the art should, however, in light of the presentdisclosure, appreciate that modifications can be made in the specificembodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar resultwithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore,all matter set forth in these examples is to be interpreted asillustrative and shall not be construed as limiting in any way.

Example 1

A load carrier was formed from a cylindrical billet of UNS C10200 copperabout 6 inches in diameter and about 9 inches in length. The billet wasmilled using a drill bit to form a load carrier containing twenty-fiveload chambers. A central load chamber was milled along the central axisof the billet. Twelve load chambers were milled 0.75 inches from thecentral chamber, each of the twelve load chambers being radially spaced30° apart. An additional twelve load chambers were milled 1.5 inchesfrom the central chamber, each of these twelve load chambers again beingradially spaced 30° apart. Each of the twenty-five load chambers had adepth of between about 4 inches to about 6 inches.

The load carrier and twenty-five fluted spacers, aluminum cylinders,non-fluted spacers, and set screws were ultrasonically cleaned with soapand water, rinsed with water followed by alcohol, and then dried. Afluted spacer containing three flutes was placed in each of the loadchambers. The bottom end of the fluted spacer was shaped to match theshape of the drill bit used to mill the load chambers. An aluminumcylinder (6006 aluminum rod) sized to fit in the load chambers was thenloaded onto each fluted spacer in each load chamber. The flutes in thefluted spacers were sized to accommodate the increase in volume ofaluminum in the load chamber caused by thermal expansion of the aluminumupon heating. A non-fluted spacer was then loaded into each load chamberand then deformed with hammering to form a tight seal within each loadchamber. A set screw was then tightened in each load chamber such thatthe set screw was recessed from the top surface of the load carrier.

Example 2

The load carrier containing aluminum produced in Example 1 was heated toan internal temperature of approximately 1600° F., the recommendedextrusion temperature of CNS C10200 copper, in a gas furnace. Theinternal temperature was monitored by a thermocouple placed in thecenter of a separate UNS C10200 copper billet also present in thefurnace. Although this example used a gas furnace to heat the loadcarrier, induction is also an acceptable method for heating the loadcarrier. Upon reaching the desired internal temperature, the loadcarrier was then transferred to a hot extrusion press and immediatelyextruded through a flow die and into water. The extruded copper materialwas then drawn to form a rod.

Microscopic evaluation confirmed that the drawn copper rod containedtwenty-five filaments, one central filament and an inner and outer ringeach containing twelve filaments, of aluminum running axially within thecopper rod.

Example 3

A load carrier was formed from a cylindrical billet of UNS C10200 copperabout 6 inches in diameter and about 9 inches in length. The billet wasmilled using a drill bit to form a load carrier containing thirty-sevenload chambers. After ultrasonic cleaning of all parts, a non-flutedspacer was placed in the bottom of each load chamber. These non-flutedspacers were shaped to substantially eliminate any void space created bythe shape of the drill bit. A portion of the extruded copper rodobtained in Example 2 was then loaded into the load chamber followed bya second spacer, which was then deformed with hammering to form a tightseal within each load chamber. A set screw was then tightened in eachload chamber such that the set screw was recessed from the top surfaceof the load carrier.

The load carrier was then heated to an internal temperature ofapproximately 1600° F. using a gas furnace. Upon reaching the desiredinternal temperature, the load carrier was then transferred to a hotextrusion press and was immediately extruded through a flow die and intowater. The extruded copper material was then drawn to form a rod.

Microscopic evaluation confirmed that the drawn copper rod containedthirty-seven sets of twenty-five aluminum filaments running axiallywithin the copper rod.

Example 4

The load carrier formed in Example 1 is heated to an internaltemperature of approximately 1600° F., the recommended extrusiontemperature of CNS C10200 copper, in a gas furnace. While the loadcarrier reaches temperature, an extrusion press is equipped with anextrusion tool comprising a first die, a second die, and four coolingcavities positioned therebetween, as described herein. The four coolingcavities are attached to a water source. Upon reaching the desiredinternal temperature, the load carrier is transferred to the hotextrusion press, and extrusion through the first die is immediatelycommenced. Upon the commencement of extrusion, the water source ispowered to provide water to the four cooling cavities such that the loadcarrier is extruded through the first die is cooled to a temperature ofabout 1200° F. or less and is then extruded through the second die toform a copper rod comprising twenty-five filaments of aluminum extendingaxially through a portion of the copper rod.

When introducing elements of the various embodiment(s) of the presentdisclosure, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” are intended tomean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising”,“including”, “containing”, and “having” are intended to be inclusive andmean that there may be additional elements other than the listedelements.

The use of individual numerical values are stated as approximations asthough the values were preceded by the word “about” or “approximately”.Similarly, the numerical values in the various ranges specified in thisapplication, unless expressly indicated otherwise, are stated asapproximations as though the minimum and maximum values within thestated ranges were both preceded by the word “about” or “approximately”.In this manner, variations above and below the stated ranges can be usedto achieve substantially the same results as values within the ranges.As used herein, the terms “about” and “approximately” when referring toa numerical value shall have their plain and ordinary meanings to aperson of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosed subjectmatter is most closely related or the art relevant to the range orelement at issue. The amount of broadening from the strict numericalboundary depends upon many factors. For example, some of the factorswhich may be considered include the criticality of the element and/orthe effect a given amount of variation will have on the performance ofthe claimed subject matter, as well as other considerations known tothose of skill in the art. As used herein, the use of differing amountsof significant digits for different numerical values is not meant tolimit how the use of the words “about” or “approximately” will serve tobroaden a particular numerical value or range. Thus, as a generalmatter, “about” or “approximately” broaden the numerical value. Also,the disclosure of ranges is intended as a continuous range includingevery value between the minimum and maximum values plus the broadeningof the range afforded by the use of the term “about” or “approximately.”Consequently, recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intendedto serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to eachseparate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicatedherein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specificationas if it were individually recited herein.

While several embodiments of the present teachings have been describedand illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readilyenvision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing thefunctions and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of theadvantages described herein, and each of such variations and/ormodifications is deemed to be within the scope of the present teachings.More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate thatall parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations describedherein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters,dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon thespecific application or applications for which the teachings of thepresent teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize,or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, manyequivalents to the specific embodiments of the present teachingsdescribed herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoingembodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within thescope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, the presentteachings may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described andclaimed. The present teachings are directed to each individual featureand/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two ormore such features and/or methods, if such features and/or methods arenot mutually inconsistent, is included within the scope of the presentteachings.

The above description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enableany person skilled in the art to make or use the invention. Variousmodifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to thoseskilled in the art, and the generic principles described herein can beapplied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scopeof the invention. Thus, it is to be understood that the description anddrawings presented herein are representative of the subject matter whichis broadly contemplated by the present invention. It is furtherunderstood that the scope of the present invention is not intended to belimited to the embodiment shown herein but is to be accorded the widestscope consistent with the patent law and the principles and novelfeatures disclosed herein.

Alternative embodiments of the claimed disclosure are described herein.Of these, variations of the disclosed embodiments will become apparentto those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoingdisclosure. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ suchvariations as appropriate (e.g., altering or combining features orembodiments), and the inventors intend for the invention to be practicedotherwise than as specifically described herein.

Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalentsof the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permittedby applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above describedelements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by theinvention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearlycontradicted by context.

What is claimed is:
 1. A load carrier, suitable for dual-phase hot metalextrusion and made of a first metal material, comprising a load end, ablind end, and at least one load chamber having a depth extendingaxially from the load end towards the blind end, wherein the at leastone load chamber comprises a load material and a void space, wherein theload material comprises a second metal material, the second metalmaterial having a lower melting point than the melting point of thefirst metal material, and wherein the void space is configured toaccommodate at least a portion of the second metal material in itsmolten form when the load carrier is heated.
 2. The load carrier ofclaim 1, wherein the void space is provided by a fluted spacer in the atleast one load chamber.
 3. The load carrier of claim 1, wherein the loadcarrier comprises at least two load chambers having a first depth and asecond depth extending axially from the load end of the load carriertowards the blind end of the load carrier.
 4. The load carrier of claim3, wherein the void space is provided by a fluted spacer in each of theat least two load chambers.
 5. The load carrier of claim 3, wherein thefirst and second depths are different depths.
 6. The load carrier ofclaim 5, wherein the void space is provided by a fluted spacer in eachof the at least two load chambers.
 7. The load carrier of claim 1,wherein the load carrier comprises at least five load chambers having afirst depth, second depth, third depth, fourth depth, and fifth depthextending axially from the load end of the load carrier towards theblind end of the load carrier.
 8. The load carrier of claim 7, whereinthe void space is provided by a fluted spacer in each of the at leastfive load chambers.
 9. The load carrier of claim 7, wherein the first,second, third, fourth, and fifth depths are each different depths. 10.The load carrier of claim 9, wherein the void space is provided by afluted spacer in the at least five load chambers.
 11. The load carrierof claim 1, wherein the first metal material comprises copper and thesecond metal material comprises aluminum, antimony, magnesium, tin,zinc, or any combination thereof.
 12. A load carrier, suitable fordual-phase hot metal extrusion and made of a metal material comprisingcopper, comprising a load end, a blind end, and at least one loadchamber having a depth extending axially from the load end towards theblind end, wherein the at least one load chamber comprises a flutedspacer and a load material, wherein the load material comprisesaluminum, antimony, magnesium, tin, zinc, or any combination thereof.13. The load carrier of claim 1 that is extruded at a temperatureranging from about 30% to about 90% of the melting point of the loadcarrier.
 14. The load carrier of claim 1 that is extruded in anextrusion press having a pressure of about 20 MPa to about 900 MPa. 15.The load carrier of claim 1 that is extruded at a ram speed of about0.0005 m/s to about 1 m/s.
 16. The load carrier of claim 1, wherein theload carrier comprises from one load chamber to about 500 load chambers.17. The load carrier of claim 16 wherein the depth of any load chamberis from about 10% to about 90% of the length of the load carrier. 18.The load carrier of claim 16 wherein the depth of any load chamber isfrom about 10% to about 95% of the length of the load carrier.
 19. Theload carrier of claim 1 wherein each load chamber further comprises aplug sufficient to secure the load material within the load chamberduring the hot metal extrusion process.
 20. The load carrier of claim 19wherein the plug is selected from the group consisting of a set screw, apipe plug, a tapered plug, a welded plug, a swaged plug and a brazedplug.